Marone
Geosc
508 (3.0 credits)
Spring Term, 2007
Lectures: W F
8:30A – 9:45A 541
Deike Building
Tentative Syllabus (see www.geosc.psu.edu/Courses/Geosc508/)
Week
|
Topic
|
Reading (Chap. in Scholz) |
|
1. |
Brittle Fracture I. Milestones in continuum mechanics,
concepts of modulus and stiffness. Stress-strain relations, elasticity,
surface and body forces, tensors, Mohr circles. Theoretical strength of materials, Defects, Stress
concentrations, Griffith failure criteria, fracture mechanics. Fracture toughness, Surface energy
and Fracture energy. Cohesive zone, strain
energy and the work of faulting. Macroscopic failure laws. Coulomb-Mohr criteria and stress-states. |
Ch. 1 |
|
2. |
Brittle Fracture II. The strength of
rocks. Experimental data. Pore fluid effects. Effective stress
laws. Dilatancy hardening. The role of stiffness. Strain rate dependence of rock
strength. Brittle vs. Ductile deformation, Dilatancy, Schizosphere,
Plastosphere, |
Ch. 1 |
|
3. |
Rock Friction I. Amontonıs laws. Concepts of static and kinetic
friction. Bowden and Taborıs theory of friction. Asperities, adhesion,
abrasion, wear. Stick-slip and
stability of frictional sliding.
Time dependent and memory effects. Fault re-strengthening and healing.
|
Ch. 2 |
|
4. |
Rock Friction II. Slip rate dependence of kinetic
friction. Critical slip distance of friction, Rabinowiczıs experiments. Rate
and state friction constitutive laws.
Elastic coupling and solution of history-dependent equations. Forward models of velocity-step tests
and frictional healing. |
Ch. 2 |
|
5. |
Fault Mechanics. Andersonian
Faulting. Hubbert-Rubey theory.
State of stress in the crust.
Shear heating. Fault growth. |
Ch. 3 |
|
6. |
Fault Rocks and Fault Strength. Faulting in
nature. Fault rocks and fault
zone thickness. Wear in natural
fault zones. Fault zone rheology.
Depth variation of fault rocks and structures. Fault zone fabrics. Fault zone heterogeneity. |
Ch. 3 |
|
7. |
Earthquake Mechanics. Magnitude, seismic moment,
quantification of earthquakes. Focal mechanisms, Source parameters. Particle velocity, rupture velocity. Seismic stress drop: static and
dynamic. Seismic efficiency. Seismic spectra and interpretation. Rise time, rupture duration. |
Ch. 4 |
|
8. |
Earthquake rupture
nucleation. Friction and fracture mechanics
approach to nucleation. The
critical slip distance for seismic faulting. Critical rupture patch size. The transition from quasistatic to dynamic rupture. Laboratory data. Seismic data. |
Ch. 4 |
|
9. |
The seismic cycle. Repeating earthquakes. Rupture characteristics, time
dependence. Relation to
laboratory-derived constitutive laws. |
Ch. 5 |
|
10. |
Earthquake scaling laws. fmax, fc. Frequency dependence of seismic
moment. Strong motion data. f -w models
and interpretation. |
Ch. 5 |
|
11. |
Seismotectonics. Fault rheology from
seismic studies. Depth-frequency
relations for seismicity. Strong
motion studies. Earthquake afterslip
and the relation between coseismic and postseismic slip. Fault heterogeneity, slip
heterogeneity. |
Ch. 6 |
|
12.
|
Earthquake Prediction. Earthquake triggering and fault
interaction. Precursory phenomena.
Historical observations. |
Ch. 7 |
|
13. |
Rock Friction III. Processes and mechanisms of friction,
complex behavior, strain rate dependence, slip history effects, normal stress
effects. Forward models and
constitutive laws for friction |
Ch. 2 |